Julian Ursin Niemcewicz (1758–1841), statesman and author, devoted much of his adult life to the cause of Polish independence. In 1788 he became an advocate of reform in the Polish Constitutional Diet, and in 1794 he served as aide-de-camp to Tadeusz Kosciuszko in a failed independence movement. In 1797 he traveled with Kosciuszko to the United States, where he remained after the general’s abrupt departure one year later. Niemcewicz was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1798. He was in Poland, 1802–04, and returned to Europe permanently in 1807, where he served for a time as secretary of the Senate of the Grand Duchy of Warsaw (PTJ description begins Julian P. Boyd, Charles T. Cullen, John Catanzariti, Barbara B. Oberg, and others, eds., The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, 1950– , 32 vols. description ends , 30:369–72; Niemcewicz, Under Their Vine and Fig Tree: Travels through America in 1797–1799, 1805 with some further account of life in New Jersey, trans. and ed. Metchie J. E. Budka [1965], esp. xix–lvii; APS description begins American Philosophical Society description ends , Minutes, 20 Apr. 1798 [MS in PPAmP]).